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<h3>Why Does Authority Matter in the Research Process?</h3>
<p>Have you ever wondered why your instructors make such a big deal about finding credible sources to use in your papers? Information resources reflect their creators' expertise and credibility, and they are evaluated based on the information need and the context in which the information will be used.</p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/a60fd66ea8ad047e243eec446d43898e/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/authority_teal.jpg" alt="authority figure" width="632" height="370" /></p>
<p>In this lesson, you will learn about how authority is constructed and contextual and how the authority you seek changes based on the purpose of your research.</p>
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<p><strong>Definition</strong>: Authority is a type of influence recognized or exerted within a community.</p>
<p><img height="375" width="500" src="/assets/courseware/v1/5a88652c91861329597261f4db87d9c4/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/coffee.jpg" alt="chemical equation in coffee" style="float: right; margin: 1em;" />Different questions require different answers and sources of information. You wouldn't ask your dad about the molecular structure of caffeine (unless he's an organic chemist) just like you wouldn't ask your chemistry professor about the latest barista job opening on campus.</p>
<p>The same is true when you're conducting research, regardless of whether it's for a class assignment or for a personal or professional interest. You want to consult the authority who will best answer your question or support your argument.</p>
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<p style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #4f4e5d; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><font color="#4f4e5d" face="Arial, Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 15.84px;">Vaping on campus is a currently debated topic at many colleges and universities. Do you know the vaping policy on your campus? Where would you go to find it?</span></font></p>
<p style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #4f4e5d; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><font color="#4f4e5d" face="Arial, Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 15.84px;"> </span></font></p>
<p style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #4f4e5d; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><font color="#4f4e5d" face="Arial, Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 15.84px;">Fill out the interactive poll on campus vaping policies. You'll see everyone's answers after you submit your guess.</span></font></p>
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<p style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #4f4e5d; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><font color="#4f4e5d" face="Arial, Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 15.84px;"> </span></font></p>
<p style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #4f4e5d; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><font color="#4f4e5d" face="Arial, Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 15.84px;">That's because it depends on why you want the information and what you plan to do with it. The purpose of your research will determine the authority you need.</span></font></p>
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<p>Authority is <span class="NLAtooltip">contextual <span class="NLAtooltiptext">Contextual = relating to, dependent on, or using context</span></span> because your information need will influence what level of authority you need to answer your question. Watch the video below to learn more. </p>
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<p>Authority is also <span class="NLAtooltip">constructed <span class="NLAtooltiptext">Constructed = built or formed by putting toegether many parts</span></span> because different communities may have varying ideas about what is considered authoritative. Within communities and fields, a range of perspectives, differences of opinion, and disagreements may exist. You need to choose the authority that best answers your question or helps solve your problem.</p>
<p>For example, researchers employed at a university who are studying the health effects of smoking may consider university-produced studies more authoritative than industry studies.<img src="/assets/courseware/v1/eee4be863443e8d85ea24fb996b54e92/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/academia-industry-2.jpg" alt="academia v industry" style="font-size: 15.84px;" width="800" height="478" /></p>
<p>The tobacco company researchers may be looking for a result that shows smoking is less harmful to people. University researchers, on the other hand, may be looking for the general effects of smoking on people over time, and they may examine the results in a less biased manner.</p>
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<p>Sometimes the most authoritative voices in a given community are not the loudest or those voices are missing altogether.</p>
<p>For example, because of historical and systemic problems, such as racism and sexism, fewer voices of women and people of color are represented among subject experts in the hard sciences, which affects the overall conversation in that field. Moreover, a range of perspectives, differences of opinion, and disagreements can exist even within individual communities and fields of study.</p>
<p>Look for varying perspectives and voices that may be marginalized or even absent from mainstream sources of authority so that you can consider the issue from multiple angles. This is essential to enriching your knowledge, generating new ideas, and engaging critically and thoughtfully in the communities with whom you interact. Reading varying perspectives can also better prepare you to relate your ideas to or distinguish them from the ideas of others.</p>
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<p>You now know that authority is constructed and contextual because a community determines what it considers authoritative in a given situation. You can use this knowledge to more clearly determine which authority might be helpful for your question, and you can recognize that some voices might not be present in an otherwise authoritative community.</p>
<p>Even when you've found sources that are appropriately authoritative for your purpose, evaluating the authority of a specific source can still be challenging. Examining the following characteristics of sources can help you make an assessment:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Perspective or Bias:</strong> Consider whether an authority has perspectives or biases that favor one position over another for reasons not related to an issue itself. You should also consider your own biases as you seek out voices of authority. </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Evidence:</strong> Examine whether the authority supports claims with evidence.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Dates:</strong> Think about how current the evidence is or how much time has passed since a source experienced an event.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Platform:</strong> Consider the platform from which the authority communicates and how that affects the usefulness of the information for your research.</p>
<p> </p>
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<p>Use the following when evaluating authority:</p>
<h3>Citation Trail</h3>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/275f5d018ea38acdeae3c2530af182f5/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/citation_trail_2a.jpg" alt="citation trail" style="float: right;" width="330" height="344" />Look at whom the authority is citing and who is citing them. Citations are one way to follow the conversation that occurs among individuals interested in a common research topic.</p>
<p>In many cases a source is cited often because other scholars or scientists believe the study provided useful information. However, a high citation count does not necessarily mean a study is unflawed or highly regarded. In some cases a study may be cited frequently because researchers have raised questions about it.</p>
<p>A careful citation analysis can give you a fuller understanding of how a source has been part of larger discussions.</p>
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<h3>Consensus</h3>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/117bef8c806192e5ccb8f7dc22c44a38/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/consensus_sketch.jpg" alt="one loud voice vs a consensus" style="float: right;" width="537" height="270" />Not all experts in a field agree, but there may be a general consensus on a topic. Statements or articles produced by the national or international organization that represents a given field usually represent such consensus.</p>
<p>For example, a pediatrician opposed to vaccination may write an article you find through a Google search, but the American Association of Pediatrics (the largest and most trusted group of pediatricians) strongly recommends vaccination.</p>
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<h3>Audience Analysis</h3>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/0210f31a658c5795e13aea966f110573/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/consider-your-audience.jpg" alt="consider your audience" style="float: right;" width="537px" height="333px" />Consider which authorities are likely to influence or persuade the audience you are targeting with your research project. Think about the different types of authority you might choose to convince different audiences, such as your parents, your friends, your teacher or professor, or your city council.</p>
<p>Even for audiences that seem similar (e.g. university professors who work in different disciplines), you may be more persuasive with different types of authority. Would you choose the same authority if your audience was a sociology professor, a chemistry professor, or a theatre professor?</p>
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<p>Use these criteria and strategies to identify authoritative sources that are most applicable to your investigation. You won't know if a source you find is truly authoritative until you take the time to evaluate it.</p>
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<p>Use your new knowledge to determine the most appropriate authority in each scenario below.</p>
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<p>Because authority is contextual, you have to dig deeper to know whether a source is authoritative for your investigation. Since authority is constructed differently in various communities, you can use criteria to evaluate authority and determine the best sources for your purpose. Using the first credible-looking source you find on the Internet may be tempting, but now you know you don't have to settle for the first source you find.</p>
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<p><strong>Thank you for completing this lesson.</strong></p>
<p><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/a89ef30a2610f8b7c0aea95944bfac4e/asset-v1:NLA+IL1011+20_21+type@asset+block/ListOfReferencesQuestionAuthority.pdf" target="[object Object]">Credits and References (PDF)</a></p>
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